Title+IX+Sec+1

**"No person in the U.S. shall, on the basis of sex be excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any educational program or activity receiving federal aid."**
 * What is TITLE IX?**

(Image found at [|//World News' Daily Blog//]: Permission Pending) In 1972, the Education Administration passed an amendment regarding discrimination based on sex. Women were no longer allowed to be excluded from athletic programs, athletic scholarships, and educational programs such as doctorate programs, medical degrees, and law degrees. The law is most commonly known for an opportunity for women to participate in athletic programs. This law has provided equal opportunities for student athletes, regardless of sex, to express their talents through athletics now on a collegiate level.
 * History: What were schools like before Title IX?**

Sports were very gender biased and male dominated. Girls who played sports were seen as unfeminine and were seen as challenging what it is to be feminine. It was thought that sexual stigmas would eventually die away with Title IX (Kane). In some schools, there was an enormous amount of gender segregation. Girls and boys were forced to use different entrances at some schools. Classes, such as autobody and criminal justice, were "male only" courses and girls were not allowed to take these courses. Title IX was born when Representative Edith Wharton brought up the issue of gender discrimination in education. Following this hearing, five different bills were introduced to Congress in 1971 that proposed ending sex discrimination. A year later, Title IX was signed by President Nixon on June 23rd and it went into effect on July 1st.

The increase of female participation in sports was tremendous after Title IX was passed. In 1971, less than 300,000 high school girls participated in school sports. Twenty-three years later, that number had increased to 2.4 million girls. The number of scholarships that women received also increased. Before Title IX, 50,000 men and only 80 women received athletic scholarships. After 1997, a third of all athletic scholarships went to women. Title IX compliance is an on-going issue in colleges today. There are still countless lawsuits pending or have settled with large payouts to claimants. Schools are being accused and found guilty of discrimination by way of retaliation against whistleblowers. Coaches who have filed complaints against schools non-compliance have been fired. In 2007 Fresno State College paid out 14 million to a coach who sued over sex discrimination. A separate jury backed up the ruling. As Steeg states, “That doesn't include the more than $3.5 million the school has paid to settle with Diane Milutinovich, a former associate athletics director who had asked why she was fired for "budget reasons" in 2002 — and Fresno State's athletics department increased its budget by $2.7 million and added 17 positions over the next two years” (Steeg at [|www.usatoday.com] . 2008). Critics of the law point to reverse discrimination as a reason why Title IX enforcement must be reexamined. A North Carolina High School for example, was forced to take away locker room space from the boys in order to comply with the law. If the boys have certain facilities, then the girls must be given the same. Since the school is landlocked, there is no other alternative but to take away from boys facilities. Recently, the model survey has been changed which in effect renders it ineffective. The only other compliance measuring stick seems to be that of proportionality. “The move solidifies the dominance of Title IX's other compliance mechanism, proportionality---a method which favors rigid gender quotas over student interest. In other words, instead of eliminating a "loophole" in Title IX compliance, the Department of Education just eliminated the only common-sense mechanism that schools had to work with” (Kasic at [|www.mindingthecampus.com] 2010).
 * The Outcome (After Title IX)**

Boys and men are experiencing negative consequences of Title IX, however. In order to meet the requirements of Title IX (having even numbers of both male and female sports and athletics), many boys/mens sports teams are being terminated. There have been many lawsuits regarding this issue, most of which were not won (Langton). This is mostly an issue for college sports rather than elementary or secondary level athletics.

One criticism of the enforcement of Title IX is that pregnant students are not given the same opportunities as other students. Kendra Fershee says that, "Unfortunately, too often those who fight teen pregnancy fail to notice the difference between eradicating teen pregnancy and eradicating pregnant teens" (1). The argument is that pregnant students experience discrimination and that Title IX, by definition, protects (or is meant to protect) these pregnant students.

(Image found at eHow: Permission Pending)


 * Sources**

Sources for "outcome" http://www.mindingthecampus.com/forum/2010/04/student_interest_surveys_are_n.html http://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/2008-05-12-titleix-cover_N.htm http://www.examiner.com/high-school-wrestling-in-hartford/title-ix-new-developments-old-problems-and-the-need-for-change

"About Title IX." //Bailiwick - The University of Iowa Libraries//. Web. 27 Sept. 2010. [].

Langton, Victoria. "Stop the Bleeding: Title IX and the Disappearance of Men's Collegiate Athletic Teams." //Vanderbilt J. Ent. and Tech. Law//. 12:1. //Academic Search Complete//.

Fershee, Kendra. "Hollow Promises for Pregnant Students: How the Regulations Governing Title IX Fail to PRevent Pregnancu Discrimination in School." //Indiana Law Review//. 43:79. //2009. Academic Search Complete//.

Vest, B., & Masterson, G. (2007). Title IX and Its Effects on Sports Programs in High School and Collegiate Athletics. //Coach and Athletic Directory//, 77(5), 60-62. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database.