Bilingual+&+ESL+Sec+2

toc =__//Bilingual Education//__=
 * Bilingual Education is teaching academic courses in two different languages– the student’s native language, and a second language (in our case, English). **


 *  The amount of focus on each language is dependent upon the type of program enacted in the school system.


 * One type is TransitionalEducation. It is based on the educational theory that students are more capable of learning fluency in a second language after learning fluency in their native language first. Through this type of Bilingual Education students are taught in their native language in Math, Science, and Social Studies for up to 3 years before being put into English only classrooms.


 * There are programs where English speakers and speakers of another language are put into a classroom together with the focus being on learning with each others’ language.


 *  The United States government passed the Bilingual Education Act in 1968 in order to provide immigrants with the ability to be educated in schools in their own language. However, in 1974 it came to the attention of the Supreme Court that Chinese Immigrants in San Francisco were not being given the help in schools they needed because they could not speak English. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the students, that they were being discriminated against on the basis of language. Both of these rulings set in motion rights for non-native English speakers, though neither law describes exactly what services need to be provided to them.


 * In 2002 the Bilingual Education Act was allowed to [|expire] in the face of NCLB, which does not provide for bilingual education.



For More Information on NCLB (No Child Left Behind)

**__//ESL/ELL//__**
 * ESL: English as a Second Language**
 * ELL: English Language Learner**


 * ESL and ELL are similar ideas that approach teaching students who are learning English in different ways


 * The term ESL is sometimes considered inaccurate because some students actually speak multiple languages other than English


 * ESL defines programs that are traditionally specialized; students are pulled out of the classroom for one-on-one lessons


 * ELL applies to students in general education classrooms; students don't get pulled aside or out of the classroom, they learn right along with fellow students; teachers create lessons to accommodate students


 * ELL student population now comprises 10% of all students and is growing at much faster rate than the general student population (65% vs 9% in a span of 10 years)


 * In the 1940s, English language teachers realized that speaking was just as important as reading and writing; in the 1950s, they used a method called audiolingual, based on psychology and linguistic theory; teachers put a focus on mimicking English words and phrases, memorization of words and expressions, repetitive drills, the use of visual and audio aids, and the use of everyday vocabulary; by the 1960s, the audiolingual method wasn't used as much because of the heavy amounts of memorization and quizzing


 * A new method (community language learning) was developed by Charles Curan in 1972; treated students as clients and teacher as counselors


 * In the 1980s, Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell suggested that students should learn language silently (by reading and memorizing) until they were ready to practice speaking.


 * ESL teachers now use a mixture of these and other methods, depending on the students within the class


 * It is possible to become certified in teaching ESL/ELL; this is an example of how one state does it



=//__Before Bilingual Education/ ESL/ ELL__//=


 * During the early 20th century, the nation had a strong demand to have all of its new immigrant students speak English, and English only.


 * In some locations, text books written in foreign languages, for instance Spanish, were burnt.


 * Many immigrant students had difficulties on standardized tests such as the IQ, because of both language barriers and issues with background knowledge that was included as content on such tests.


 * Students who spoke a different language than English were thrown into classrooms and basically expected to pick the language up on their own by means of getting in trouble for speaking anything outside of English.

References/Resources: Bilingual Education
http://www.nabe.org/ http://www.education.com/reference/article/attacks-bilingual-education/

References/Resources: ESL/ELL
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Other References/Resources
// School: The Story of American Public Education //. Dir. Sarah Mondale. Prod. Sarah Patton. By Sheila Bernard. Perf. Meryl Streep. PBS, 2001. Videocassette